The Python compiler currently generates the following byte code
instructions.
STOP_CODE
Indicates end-of-code to the compiler, not used by the interpreter.
POP_TOP
Removes the top-of-stack (TOS) item.
ROT_TWO
Swaps the two top-most stack items.
ROT_THREE
Lifts second and third stack item one position up, moves top down
to position three.
DUP_TOP
Duplicates the reference on top of the stack.
Unary Operations take the top of the stack, apply the operation, and
push the result back on the stack.
UNARY_POSITIVE
Implements TOS = +TOS.
UNARY_NEG
Implements TOS = -TOS.
UNARY_NOT
Implements TOS = not TOS.
UNARY_CONVERT
Implements TOS = `TOS`.
UNARY_INVERT
Implements TOS = TOS.
Binary operations remove the top of the stack (TOS) and the second top-most
stack item (TOS1) from the stack. They perform the operation, and put the
result back on the stack.
BINARY_POWER
Implements TOS = TOS1 ** TOS.
BINARY_MULTIPLY
Implements TOS = TOS1 * TOS.
BINARY_DIVIDE
Implements TOS = TOS1 / TOS.
BINARY_MODULO
Implements TOS = TOS1 % TOS.
BINARY_ADD
Implements TOS = TOS1 + TOS.
BINARY_SUBTRACT
Implements TOS = TOS1 - TOS.
BINARY_SUBSCR
Implements TOS = TOS1[TOS].
BINARY_LSHIFT
Implements TOS = TOS1 << TOS.
BINARY_RSHIFT
Implements TOS = TOS1 >> TOS.
BINARY_AND
Implements TOS = TOS1 and TOS.
BINARY_XOR
Implements TOS = TOS1 ^ TOS.
BINARY_OR
Implements TOS = TOS1 or TOS.
The slice opcodes take up to three parameters.
SLICE+0
Implements TOS = TOS[:].
SLICE+1
Implements TOS = TOS1[TOS:].
SLICE+2
Implements TOS = TOS1[:TOS1].
SLICE+3
Implements TOS = TOS2[TOS1:TOS].
Slice assignment needs even an additional parameter. As any statement,
they put nothing on the stack.
STORE_SLICE+0
Implements TOS[:] = TOS1.
STORE_SLICE+1
Implements TOS1[TOS:] = TOS2.
STORE_SLICE+2
Implements TOS1[:TOS] = TOS2.
STORE_SLICE+3
Implements TOS2[TOS1:TOS] = TOS3.
DELETE_SLICE+0
Implements del TOS[:].
DELETE_SLICE+1
Implements del TOS1[TOS:].
DELETE_SLICE+2
Implements del TOS1[:TOS].
DELETE_SLICE+3
Implements del TOS2[TOS1:TOS].
STORE_SUBSCR
Implements TOS1[TOS] = TOS2.
DELETE_SUBSCR
Implements del TOS1[TOS].
PRINT_EXPR
Implements the expression statement for the interactive mode. TOS is
removed from the stack and printed. In non-interactive mode, an
expression statement is terminated with POP_STACK.
PRINT_ITEM
Prints TOS. There is one such instruction for
each item in the print statement.
PRINT_NEWLINE
Prints a new line on sys.stdout. This is generated as the
last operation of a print statement, unless the statement ends
with a comma.
BREAK_LOOP
Terminates a loop due to a break statement.
LOAD_LOCALS
Pushes a reference to the locals of the current scope on the stack.
This is used in the code for a class definition: After the class body
is evaluated, the locals are passed to the class definition.
RETURN_VALUE
Returns with TOS to the caller of the function.
EXEC_STMT
Implements exec TOS2,TOS1,TOS. The compiler fills
missing optional parameters with None.
POP_BLOCK
Removes one block from the block stack. Per frame, there is a
stack of blocks, denoting nested loops, try statements, and such.
END_FINALLY
Terminates a finally-block. The interpreter recalls whether the
exception has to be re-raised, or whether the function returns,
and continues with the outer-next block.
BUILD_CLASS
Creates a new class object. TOS is the methods dictionary, TOS1
the tuple of the names of the base classes, and TOS2 the class name.
All of the following opcodes expect arguments. An argument is two
bytes, with the more significant byte last.
STORE_NAMEnamei
Implements name = TOS. namei is the index of name
in the attribute co_names of the code object.
The compiler tries to use STORE_LOCAL or STORE_GLOBALif possible.
DELETE_NAMEnamei
Implements del name, where namei is the index into
co_names attribute of the code object.
UNPACK_TUPLEcount
Unpacks TOS into count individual values, which are put onto
the stack right-to-left.
UNPACK_LISTcount
Unpacks TOS into count individual values.
STORE_ATTRnamei
Implements TOS.name = TOS1, where namei is the index
of name in co_names.
DELETE_ATTRnamei
Implements del TOS.name, using namei as index into
co_names.
STORE_GLOBALnamei
Works as STORE_NAME, but stores the name as a global.
DELETE_GLOBALnamei
Works as DELETE_NAME, but deletes a global name.
LOAD_CONSTconsti
Pushes "co_consts[consti]" onto the stack.
LOAD_NAMEnamei
Pushes the value associated with "co_names[namei]" onto the stack.
BUILD_TUPLEcount
Creates a tuple consuming count items from the stack, and pushes
the resulting tuple onto the stack.
BUILD_LISTcount
Works as BUILD_TUPLE, but creates a list.
BUILD_MAPzero
Pushes an empty dictionary object onto the stack. The argument is ignored
and set to zero by the compiler.
LOAD_ATTRnamei
Replaces TOS with getattr(TOS,co_names[namei].
COMPARE_OPopname
Performs a boolean operation. The operation name can be found
in cmp_op[opname].
IMPORT_NAMEnamei
Imports the module co_names[namei]. The module object is
pushed onto the stack. The current name space is not affected: for a
proper import statement, a subsequent STORE_FAST instruction
modifies the name space.
IMPORT_FROMnamei
Imports the attribute co_names[namei]. The module to import
from is found in TOS and left there.
JUMP_FORWARDdelta
Increments byte code counter by delta.
JUMP_IF_TRUEdelta
If TOS is true, increment the byte code counter by delta. TOS is
left on the stack.
JUMP_IF_FALSEdelta
If TOS is false, increment the byte code counter by delta. TOS
is not changed.
JUMP_ABSOLUTEtarget
Set byte code counter to target.
FOR_LOOPdelta
Iterate over a sequence. TOS is the current index, TOS1 the sequence.
First, the next element is computed. If the sequence is exhausted,
increment byte code counter by delta. Otherwise, push the
sequence, the incremented counter, and the current item onto the stack.
LOAD_GLOBALnamei
Loads the global named co_names[namei] onto the stack.
SETUP_LOOPdelta
Pushes a block for a loop onto the block stack. The block spans
from the current instruction with a size of delta bytes.
SETUP_EXCEPTdelta
Pushes a try block from a try-except clause onto the block stack.
delta points to the first except block.
SETUP_FINALLYdelta
Pushes a try block from a try-except clause onto the block stack.
delta points to the finally block.
LOAD_FASTvar_num
Pushes a reference to the local co_varnames[var_num] onto
the stack.
STORE_FASTvar_num
Stores TOS into the local co_varnames[var_num].
DELETE_FASTvar_num
Deletes local co_varnames[var_num].
SET_LINENOlineno
Sets the current line number to lineno.
RAISE_VARARGSargc
Raises an exception. argc indicates the number of parameters
to the raise statement, ranging from 1 to 3. The handler will find
the traceback as TOS2, the parameter as TOS1, and the exception
as TOS.
CALL_FUNCTIONargc
Calls a function. The low byte of argc indicates the number of
positional parameters, the high byte the number of keyword parameters.
On the stack, the opcode finds the keyword parameters first. For each
keyword argument, the value is on top of the key. Below the keyword
parameters, the positional parameters are on the stack, with the
right-most parameter on top. Below the parameters, the function object
to call is on the stack.
MAKE_FUNCTIONargc
Pushes a new function object on the stack. TOS is the code associated
with the function. The function object is defined to have argc
default parameters, which are found below TOS.
BUILD_SLICEargc
Pushes a slice object on the stack. argc must be 2 or 3. If it
is 2, slice(TOS1, TOS) is pushed; if it is 3,
slice(TOS2, TOS1, TOS) is pushed.
See the slice() built-in function.